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<o:author>James</o:author> <o:template>Normal</o:template> <o:lastauthor>James</o:lastauthor> <o:revision>6</o:revision> <o:totaltime>39</o:totaltime> <o:created>2009-07-28T19:08:00Z</o:created> <o:lastsaved>2009-07-28T21:15:00Z</o:lastsaved> <o:pages>1</o:pages> <o:words>2475</o:words> <o:characters>14109</o:characters> <o:lines>117</o:lines> <o:paragraphs>33</o:paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>16551</o:characterswithspaces> <o:version>11.9999</o:version> </o:documentproperties> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:spellingstate>Clean</w:spellingstate> <w:grammarstate>Clean</w:grammarstate> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:saveifxmlinvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:ignoremixedcontent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:browserlevel> </w:worddocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:latentstyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="2049"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </head> <body bgcolor=white lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=blue style='tab-interval:.5in; word-wrap:break-word'> <div class=WordSection1> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=800 style='width:600.0pt;mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'> <td width=60 style='width:45.0pt;padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt'>Ice Formations on White <span class=SpellE>Crownbeard</span> in My Yard, Fall 2008</span></b><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p align=center style='margin:0in;text-align:center'><b>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p align=center style='margin:0in;text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Dr. James R. Carter, Professor Emeritus<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p align=center style='margin:0in;text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Geography-Geology Department</span><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p align=center style='margin:0in;text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Illinois State University, Normal IL 61790-4400</span><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p align=center style='margin:0in;text-align:center'><b>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p align=center style='margin:0in;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td width=60 style='width:45.0pt;padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'> <td width=60 style='width:45.0pt;padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>In summer 2008 I planted White <span class=SpellE>Crownbeard</span> <span class=SpellE><em>Verbesina</em></span><em> virginica</em> and three varieties of Salvia in my yard in central <st1:state w:st="on">Illinois</st1:state>, USA.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>I also had Vinca growing in the yard, as in the past.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>I was surprised to find ice on the Vinca.</span></p> <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>I&nbsp;have seen&nbsp;that ice forms on cutoff stems as well as on full length stems, although the appearance of the ice may take on different forms.&nbsp; So, to experience both possibilities I cut off some of the stems of the <span class=SpellE>Crownbeard</span> a few cm above the <span class=GramE>ground, and</span> left many intact.&nbsp; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Below are <span class=GramE>close up</span> photos of two little ice formations that appeared on October 28.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><span class=GramE>Both of these</span> ice formations are less than 5 cm in length.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>The photo on the right was discussed on the master page.&nbsp; It is interesting that this ice formed on green stems because weeks later after the plants died these same stems continued to support the growth of ice.&nbsp; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-size:18.0pt'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=644 height=500 id="_x0000_i1042" src=small-pair-644w-500h-10and13-wm.jpg></span>&nbsp; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=500 style='width:375.0pt;mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p>These two formations of ice were all that appeared that day.&nbsp; The formation on the right is about 1 inch or 3 cm long, and the one on the left is even smaller.&nbsp; These are on&nbsp;small&nbsp;cutoff stems of White <span class=SpellE>Crownbeard</span>, <span class=SpellE><em>Verbesina</em></span><em>&nbsp;virginica.</em>&nbsp; This plant has wings on the stems, which are&nbsp;visible on the stem above the ice on the left.</p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>This patch of tall and cutoff stems of <span class=SpellE><em>Verbesina</em></span> produced many interesting displays of ice through the fall.&nbsp; The photo pair shows the two stems of&nbsp;White <span class=SpellE>Crownbeard</span>, <span class=SpellE><em>Verbesina</em></span><em> virginica,</em> separated by 19 hours.</span><span style='font-size:18.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>&nbsp; </span><span style='font-size:18.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=649 height=279 id="_x0000_i1041" src=Grass-pair-517-587-649w-wm.jpg></span></p> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=500 style='width:375.0pt;mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p>The photo on the left was taken at 4PM as cold air was moving <span class=GramE>in</span> and new ice was forming.&nbsp; On these two stems we see ice growing out in all directions from the stem.&nbsp; At 11AM the next morning the ice had become formed into a few coherent ribbons.&nbsp; Obviously, those many starts of ice touch each other and become fused&nbsp;into thicker ribbons of ice.&nbsp; As the ice continues to grow outward from the stems, it appears to us as broad ribbons.&nbsp; The angle at which a ribbon grows will be determined by the differential rates of growth of the many thin ribbons fused to make the larger ribbons.&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>On the night of <span class=GramE>November 9</span> I found ice growing from a number of plants throughout my yard.&nbsp; It had been almost two weeks since I first found any ice, and now it was growing in many places.&nbsp; I took a few photos late at night with flash.&nbsp; The growths of ice were underway.&nbsp; <span class=GramE>But,</span> the next morning in better light I was able to photograph many interesting growths of ice such as this scoop of ice below.</span></p> <p><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=662 height=327 id="_x0000_i1040" src=Scoop-pair-361-339-662w-wm.jpg></span></p> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=500 style='width:375.0pt;mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p>These two photos show what I call a scoop of ice.&nbsp; As the ice grew away from the stem it formed into two broad ribbons at about an <span class=GramE>80 degree</span> angle at the top of the stem.&nbsp; But,&nbsp;lower down the stem the two ribbons emerged as one.&nbsp; These photos were taken 15 minutes apart and so the shadows on the ice are different.&nbsp; <span class=GramE>And,</span> I removed the blade of grass that extends over the ice in the photo on the right.&nbsp; This is on a stem of White <span class=SpellE>Crownbeard</span>, <span class=SpellE>Verbesina</span> virginica.</p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>This scoop of ice was perhaps 2 inches, 5 cm,&nbsp;long.&nbsp; I spent more time taking photos than making measurements and recording <span class=GramE>them</span> so I am trying to estimate sizes relative to other objects in the photos.&nbsp;&nbsp;Subsequently,&nbsp;close examination of these photos at the largest scales brings out things I did not see when I took the photos.&nbsp;The photo below is an example of this.&nbsp; Here a portion of the photo above is shown at a much larger scale.</span></p> <p><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=646 height=311 id="_x0000_i1039" src=Scoop-stem-0339-646w-wm.jpg></span></p> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=500 style='width:375.0pt;mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p>Here&nbsp;we focus on the way the ice grows away from the stem, showing how the super cooled water penetrates the stem and freezes where it emerges from the stem.&nbsp; Here and in the photo above we see how three thin ribbons of ice&nbsp;<span class=GramE>join together</span> into a thicker ribbon.</p> <p>Immediately to the right of the stem above&nbsp;you can see that the ribbon of ice has broken off from the stem leaving a smooth edge of ice.&nbsp; This shows that the needles of ice do not penetrate the stem for if it did that&nbsp;edge would not be so straight.&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>In the photo below you can see multiple ribbons growing out the stem.&nbsp; What I find most interesting in this photo is the ribbon-candy like growth in the center of the larger ice formation.&nbsp; Is it likely that this single ribbon grew away from the stem only to bump into a piece of another ribbon, forcing it to fold into these overlapping ribbons as the ice continued to grow <span class=GramE>outward.</span>&nbsp;</span></p> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=532 height=343 id="_x0000_i1038" src="IMG_0712-ribbon-stem-crop-532w-wm.jpg"></span></p> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=500 style='width:375.0pt;mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p>This photo focuses on the center of a more complex ice formation, shown below.&nbsp; In this photo we see where the ice grows away from the stem and extends out and then folds back over itself like ribbon-candy.&nbsp; Note that these pages show a <span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><a href="http://www.jrcarter.net/ice/Terris/"><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>similar display of ribbon-candy ice extruding from a fence</span></a></span>.&nbsp; </p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>This candy-ribbon is but the center of a very complicated ice formation at a variety of scales.&nbsp; In this photo the stem from which the ice grows is obscured by the branch or blade of dry grass.&nbsp; <span class=GramE>But,</span> we see that the ice that grew out from the stem wrapped around to make a circle.&nbsp; We can see that there are <span class=GramE>a number of</span> fine strands of ice that are only linked to the main feature in one or two places.</span></p> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img border=0 width=468 height=382 id="_x0000_i1037" src=Ribbon-Candy-crop-0696-6-5in-w-wm.jpg></span></p> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=500 style='width:375.0pt;mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p>A complex formation of ice around a stem of White <span class=SpellE>Crownbeard</span>, <span class=SpellE>Verbesina</span>&nbsp;virginica.&nbsp; In the center is the ribbon-candy formation, encircled by many thin ribbons of ice.&nbsp; Then on top of these ribbons of ice and the plant&nbsp;stems and leaves is a heavy deposit of frost.&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>The ribbons of ice are formed by super cooled water penetrating through the stems of the plant and freezing in the colder air when they encounter an ice crystal.&nbsp; The water continues to move up the stems to feed the growing ribbons of ice. </span></p> <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Frost by contrast comes about when water vapor in the air becomes saturated and is deposited on a surface as an ice crystal.&nbsp; If the air temperatures are above <span class=GramE>freezing</span> we get the formation of dew, but when it is below freezing the moisture&nbsp;is&nbsp;deposited&nbsp;out of the air as frost.&nbsp; In the photo above and in the one below you can see that frost has been deposited on the ribbons of ice as well as the leaves and blades of grass.&nbsp; So, I must assume that the ribbons of ice were formed or at least partially formed before the heavy deposition of frost. </span></p> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img border=0 width=650 height=473 id="_x0000_i1036" src=yard-leaf-ribbon-743-crop-650w-wm.JPG></span></p> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=500 style='width:375.0pt;mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p>The red Japanese Maple leaf adds to this photo of two growths of ice from White <span class=SpellE>Crownbeard</span> stems.&nbsp; A thick layer of frost has been deposited on top of many of the surfaces.&nbsp;&nbsp;I suspect the reason why&nbsp;frost&nbsp;was not deposited in the center of the red leaf and on the brown leaf is because they are closer to the warmer&nbsp;ground and those surfaces did not fall to the frost point temperature.<span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>&nbsp; &nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>The&nbsp;photo below is one of those lucky shots where a shaft of sunlight penetrating between the branches of a Spruce tree illuminated the ice ribbons and gave an <span class=SpellE>etheral</span> glow in the background.</span><span style='font-size:18.0pt'> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_19" o:spid="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:488pt;height:428pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="index_files/image001.jpg" o:href="SE-loop-sun-0525-650w-wm.jpg"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=488 height=428 src="index_files/image001.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_19"><![endif]></span></p> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=500 style='width:375.0pt;mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p>The photo above&nbsp;caught the sunlight passing between the branches of some trees while giving a back light to these ribbons of ice on a stem of White <span class=SpellE>Crownbeard</span>,&nbsp;<span class=SpellE>Verbesina</span> virginica.</p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>There were many ice formations in this area in the month of November.&nbsp; So, I kept returning to this area and captured photos of the ice in many stages of development.&nbsp; Of course, you cannot get a good photo until the Sun is high enough to illuminate the area, or you will have to use flash.&nbsp; In general, flash does not give very good results.</span> </p> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_20" o:spid="_x0000_i1034" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:488pt; height:349pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="index_files/image002.jpg" o:href="SE-loop-broke-ground-0550-650w-wm.jpg"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=488 height=349 src="index_files/image002.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_20"><![endif]></span></p> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=500 style='width:375.0pt;mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p>This&nbsp;is the same ice formation 25 minutes later.&nbsp; The&nbsp;Sun adds <span class=GramE>beauty</span> but it also causes the ice to melt.&nbsp; Note the thin ribbons of ice that have fallen off.&nbsp; The fact that the ice falls off in thin layers shows that it was formed as many thin <span class=GramE>layers</span>, which sometimes grow into each other and fuse together&nbsp;and at other times remain apart.&nbsp; Here many of the layers have remained isolated and separate.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>You can see some green leaves in the background of these photos showing that the ice occurs during that time that the cold air moves <span class=GramE>in</span> and the plants are starting to die.&nbsp; The formation of the ice does not seem to be related to the stage in the life cycle of the plants but rather relates to those times&nbsp;when the moisture in the soil is still above freezing but the air temperature near the ground surface is below freezing.&nbsp; This situation prevails in the late fall in this part of the middle latitudes.&nbsp; This is not likely to occur in spring because then the soil is likely to be frozen while the air temperatures are above freezing.&nbsp; </span></p> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_21" o:spid="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:488pt; height:218pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="index_files/image003.jpg" o:href="SE-front-back-497-498-650w-wm.jpg"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=488 height=218 src="index_files/image003.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_21"><![endif]></span></p> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=500 style='width:375.0pt;mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p>In this same area this&nbsp;photo pair&nbsp;shows the same ribbons of ice from two sides.&nbsp; There is not an obvious front or back.&nbsp;In this case we see that the many thin ribbons growing out from the stem become fused together into two composite ribbons.</p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>The photos above show the growth of ice from a single <span class=GramE>stem</span> but it is quite common to have ice growth from a complex of stems and merge together into a mass of ice ribbons, or what might be called <span class=SpellE>ic</span> flowers.&nbsp; It does not matter if the stems are intact or cutoff. &nbsp;This large mass of ice, perhaps 4 -5&nbsp;inches (10 - 12 cm)&nbsp;tall, is a good example of the ice growing together from a complex of stems.&nbsp; Some of this ice reminds me&nbsp;of the complex formations of <a href="http://www.jrcarter.net/ice/KY05/">ice I found in northern Kentucky</a> in 2005.&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></p> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_22" o:spid="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:488pt; height:456pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="index_files/image004.jpg" o:href="Between-sweep-0538-650w-wm.jpg"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=488 height=456 src="index_files/image004.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_22"><![endif]></span></p> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=524 style='width:393.0pt;mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> <td width=505 style='width:378.5pt;padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p>Fairly large stems of White <span class=SpellE>Crownbeard</span> provided the base for these sweeps of ice ribbons up from a gravelly surface.&nbsp; The sunlight passing through these ribbons gives definition to their thin, parallel forms.</p> </td> <td width=12 style='width:9.0pt;padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>I&nbsp;like the ethereal nature of this image.&nbsp; I&nbsp;took many&nbsp;photos of this ice at a high resolution and have&nbsp;looked at the patterns of ice at many scales of resolution.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The image above had to be greatly reduced to fit on the web page, and then it was cropped significantly.&nbsp; The image below is at a much higher resolution&nbsp;and gives a unique perspective. </span></p> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_23" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:488pt; height:310pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="index_files/image005.jpg" o:href="Between-etheral-0538-651-fullsize-wm.jpg"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=488 height=310 src="index_files/image005.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_23"><![endif]></span></p> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=524 style='width:393.0pt;mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> <td width=505 style='width:378.5pt;padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p>This is a more detailed&nbsp;photo of the ice formations shown above.&nbsp; Here the fine nature of the thin ribbons of ice are quite evident.&nbsp; Sorry to say such ice lasts for only a couple of hours, once the sunlight hits it.</p> </td> <td width=12 style='width:9.0pt;padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Speaking of lasting for hours, the two sets of photos below tell&nbsp;us something about the birth and death of these ice formations.&nbsp; This photo shows two views of the same ice formation.&nbsp; Here we see the ribbon nature of the ice, which in total gives the basis to call these ice flowers.&nbsp; This formation of ice was perhaps 4 inches (10 cm) tall.&nbsp; </span></p> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_24" o:spid="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:484pt; height:305pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="index_files/image006.jpg" o:href="SE-top-side-324-330-650w-wm.jpg"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=484 height=305 src="index_files/image006.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_24"><![endif]></span></p> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=500 style='width:375.0pt;mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p>This photo pair shows the same ice formation from above and from the side at 9AM.&nbsp; From above we see many separate ribbons radiating out from the stem.&nbsp;But note how many of the individual ribbons merge together with other ribbons.&nbsp; On the right we see a full length of stem between ribbons of ice that curve away in opposite directions.&nbsp; This is on White <span class=SpellE>Crownbeard</span>, <span class=SpellE>Verbesina</span> virginica.</p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p><span class=GramE><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>But,</span></span><span style='font-size:13.5pt'> this ice cannot last forever.&nbsp; Below we see the last remnant of the massive display of ice, now a fallen victim of warming.&nbsp; This is not from global warming but the diurnal cycle of warning and cooling during the day.&nbsp; On some days the ice lasts through the day and into the next.&nbsp; In some <span class=GramE>cases</span> it may go on for days if the temperature does not rise above freezing and direct sunlight does not fall on the ice.&nbsp; Below we see the juxtaposition of old and new ice.&nbsp; </span></p> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_25" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:380pt; height:365pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="index_files/image007.jpg" o:href="SE-old-new-night-0373-506w-wm.jpg"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=380 height=365 src="index_files/image007.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_25"><![endif]></span></p> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=500 style='width:375.0pt;mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p>Twelve hours later at 9 PM we see&nbsp;new and old&nbsp;ice formations together.&nbsp; The smooth ice&nbsp;on the right half of&nbsp;the photo&nbsp;is a piece of the large ribbons that partially melted during the day and fell off the stem.&nbsp; On the left we see the stem where new growths of ice are forming.&nbsp; This new ice starts&nbsp;as many <span class=GramE>sprites</span> and looks very disorganized, which it is.&nbsp; With time these sprites are likely to <span class=GramE>merge together</span> into ribbons.</p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>However, in this case, I do not know if these sprites of new ice <span class=GramE>merged together</span>&nbsp;because warm air moved in overnight and rain followed.&nbsp; The next morning it was all gone. &nbsp;But this photo tells us much about the processes of the growth and decay of ice on plant stems.&nbsp; </span></p> <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>This is one of many pages supporting the discussion of ice formations with diurnal freeze/thaw cycles.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><a href="http://www.jrcarter.net/ice/diurnal/">Return to the Diurnal master page.</a><span class=MsoHyperlink><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Feel free to contact me at&nbsp; </span><a href="mailto:jrcarter@ilstu.edu"><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>jrcarter@ilstu.edu</span></a><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp; if you see any ice of this nature in your early morning outings. </span></p> </td> <td width=60 style='width:45.0pt;padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td width=60 style='width:45.0pt;padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> <td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Return to the master page of diurnal freeze/thaw </span><a href="http://www.jrcarter.net/"><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>web pages of Dr. Jim Carter </span></a></p> </td> <td width=60 style='width:45.0pt;padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:white; 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